Writing Gaudi Algorithms

Gaudi

Gaudi is an event-processing framework. Algorithms can be defined by users and Gaudi will take care of running them for each event. In addition, Gaudi has a set of services and tools like logging and support for running in a multithreaded environment.

The relationship between Gaudi with key4hep happens through k4FWCore. k4FWCore has tools and utilities needed to be able to use (almost) seamlessly EDM4hep collections in Gaudi algorithms. We recommend checking out the tests in this repository since they contain examples of algorithms (in particular of algorithms using Gaudi::Functional).

Gaudi::Functional

Using Gaudi::Functional is the recommended way of creating algorithms. The design is simple and at the same time enforces several constraints at compile-time, allowing for a quicker development cycle. In particular, we will see that our algorithms won’t have an internal state and we obtain the benefit of being able to run in a multithreaded environment (almost) trivially[1].

Setup

We will need Gaudi, k4FWCore and all their dependencies. Installing these by ourselves is not easy but there are software stacks on cvmfs, see the /setup-and-getting-started/README.md to set up the key4hep stack.

The easiest way of having a working repository is to copy the template repository that we provide in key4hep:

git clone https://github.com/key4hep/k4-project-template

or ideally with ssh

git clone git@github.com:key4hep/k4-project-template

This template repository already has the cmake code that will make our algorithms know where Gaudi and k4FWCore and to properly link to them. In addition there are a few examples that combined with the tests in k4FWCore provide an overview of what’s possible to do. The k4-project-template repository contains a CMake configuration (as described in more detail in the previous tutorial) so it can be built with:

cd k4-project-template
mkdir build install
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../install
make -j 4 install

To run the algorithms contained in this repository you can use k4run, like:

k4run ../K4TestFWCore/options/createExampleEventData.py 

Walkthrough of Functional Algorithms

Functional algorithms in Gaudi are relatively straightforward to write. For each algorithm we want, we have to create a class that will inherit from one of the Gaudi::Functional classes. The most important function member will be operator() which is what will run over our events (or over none in case we are generating). There are several base classes in Gaudi (see a more complete list in https://lhcb.github.io/DevelopKit/03a-gaudi/):

• Consumer, one or more inputs, no outputs

• Producer, one or more outputs, no inputs

• Transformer (and MultiTransformer), one or more inputs, one or more outputs

The structure of our class (more precisely structs) will then be, in the general case of the transformer:

#include "GaudiAlg/Transformer.h"
// Define BaseClass_t
#include "k4FWCore/BaseClass.h"

struct ExampleTransformer final
    : Gaudi::Functional::Transformer<colltype_out(const colltype_in&), BaseClass_t> {

  ExampleTransformer(const std::string& name, ISvcLocator* svcLoc);
  colltype_out operator()(const colltype_in& input) const override;
};

Some key points:

• The magic to make our algorithm work with EDM4hep collections happens by including BaseClass.h and passing BaseClass_t it as one of the template arguments to the Gaudi class we are inheriting from.

• operator() is const, which means that it can’t modify class members. This is intended and helps with multithreading by not having an internal state.

Let’s start with the first template argument. It’s the signature of a function that returns one or more outputs and takes as input one or more inputs. One possible example would be to have these two lines before the class definition:

using colltype_in  = edm4hep::MCParticleCollection;
using colltype_out = edm4hep::MCParticleCollection;

and then we have a transformer that will take one MCParticleCollection as input and return another one. If we have multiple inputs we keep adding arguments to the function arguments and if we don’t have any we can leave that empty. For the output this is slightly more complicated because if there are more than one output we have to return an std::tuple<OutputClass1, OutputClass2>; if there aren’t any outputs we can simply return void.

Then we reach the constructor. We’ll always initialize from the constructor of the class we’re inheriting (in this example a Transformer) and then we’ll initialize a set of KeyValues. These KeyValues will be how we define the names of our inputs and outputs so they can be found by other algorithms, read from a file or saved to a file.

  ExampleTransformer(const std::string& name, ISvcLocator* svcLoc)
      : Transformer(name, svcLoc,
                    KeyValue("InputCollection", "MCParticles"),
                    KeyValue("OutputCollection", "NewMCParticles")) {
                    // possibly do something
                    }

Here we are defining how we will name our input collection in the steering value (InputCollection) and giving it a default value. We’re doing the same with the output collection. The order is important here: first inputs and then outputs and they are ordered. When we have more inputs we just add another line, like the one above for the input collection. For outputs, since they are bundled together in a std::tuple when there are several, we have to enclose the list of KeyValue with brackets, like

  ExampleMultiTransformer(const std::string& name, ISvcLocator* svcLoc)
      : MultiTransformer(name, svcLoc,
                    KeyValue("InputCollection", "MCParticles"),
                    {
                    KeyValue("OutputCollection1", "NewMCParticles"),
                    KeyValue("OutputCollection2", "SimTrackerHits"),
                    KeyValue("OutputCollection3", "UsefulCollection"),
                    }
                    ) {
                    // possibly do something
                    }

Then in the operator() we can do whatever we want to do with our collections

  colltype_out operator()(const colltype_in& input) const override {
    auto coll_out = edm4hep::MCParticleCollection();
    for (const auto& particle : input) {
      auto new_particle = edm4hep::MutableMCParticle();
      new_particle.setPDG(particle.getPDG() + 10);
      new_particle.setGeneratorStatus(particle.getGeneratorStatus() + 10);
      new_particle.setSimulatorStatus(particle.getSimulatorStatus() + 10);
      new_particle.setCharge(particle.getCharge() + 10);
      new_particle.setTime(particle.getTime() + 10);
      new_particle.setMass(particle.getMass() + 10);
      coll_out->push_back(new_particle);
    }
    return coll_out;

When we return several collections we can bundle them in an std::tuple like this:

    return std::make_tuple(std::move(collection1), std::move(collection2));

The complete example for reference can be found in the tests of k4FWCore: https://github.com/key4hep/k4FWCore/blob/main/test/k4FWCoreTest/src/components/ExampleFunctionalTransformer.cpp

The steering file

The steering file is the file where we define which algorithms will run, what parameters they will use and how they will do it; what level of logging, if using multithreading, etc.

We start with some imports

from Gaudi.Configuration import INFO
from Configurables import ExampleFunctionalTransformer
from Configurables import ApplicationMgr
from Configurables import k4DataSvc
from Configurables import PodioOutput
from Configurables import PodioInput

it’s also possible to import everything from Configurables but it’s better not to so that if we are using IDE or an editor with some kind of analysis it can tell us if we are using an undefined variable, for example.

Then, the input:

podioevent = k4DataSvc("EventDataSvc")
podioevent.input = "output_k4test_exampledata_producer.root"

inp = PodioInput()
inp.collections = [
    "MCParticles",
]

We select the name of the input file and which collections we’ll make available for the rest of the algorithms.

For the output:

out = PodioOutput("out")
out.filename = "output_k4test_exampledata_transformer.root"
# The collections that we don't drop will also be present in the output file
out.outputCommands = ["drop MCParticles"]

we can select which collections we keep in the output file. By default the collections in the output file will be the same as in the input file. Check the relevant documentation to learn more about PodioInput and PodioOutput.

Our algorithm will look like this:

transformer = ExampleFunctionalTransformer("ExampleFunctionalTransformer",
                                           InputCollection="MCParticles",
                                           OutputCollection="NewMCParticles")

If we have defined Gaudi::Propertys for our algorithm it is also possible to change them by doing transformer.property = value; however with the names of the collections, if they are provided, they are set when creating the python object with our algorithm.

Finally we define what to run:

ApplicationMgr(TopAlg=[inp, transformer, out],
               EvtSel="NONE",
               EvtMax=10,
               ExtSvc=[k4DataSvc("EventDataSvc")],
               OutputLevel=INFO,
               )

We pass a list of the algorithms in TopAlg. PodioInput will be the first one and PodioOutput will be the last one when used. In EvtMax we set what is the maximum number of event that we are processing. Use -1 not to limit it. That means if we are processing a file, then read all the events in the file. We pass extra services to ExtSvc and set an OutputLevel that could be DEBUG, WARNING or INFO most of the time.

Initialize and finalize

There are some occasions where we may want to run some code between the constructor and the operator(); that is the place for initialize(). There is also a way of doing something similar after processing with finalize(). For that, we can add to our classes those functions (we can also add only one of these):

  StatusCode initialize() override;
  StatusCode finalize() override;

and then we can implement them.

Make sure to remember to return the corresponding status code, otherwise Gaudi will crash. For example:

StatusCode MyAlgorithm::initialize() {
  // do something
  return StatusCode::SUCCESS;
}

Debugging: How to use GDB

The GNU Project Debugger is supported by Gaudi and can be invoked by passing additional --gdb parameter to the k4run. For example:

k4run ../K4TestFWCore/options/createExampleEventData.py --gdb

This will start the GDB and attaches it to the Gaudi steering. After initial loading, user can start running of the steering by typing continue into the GDB console. To interrupt running of the Gaudi steering use CTRL+C.

More details how to run GDB with Gaudi can be found in LHCb Code Analysis Tools (requires a CERN account to view).

Avoiding const in operator()

There is a way of working around operator() being const and that is by adding the keyword mutable to our data member. This will allow us to change our data member inside operator() and will cause code that wasn’t compiling because of this to compile. Of course, this is not a good idea because unless the member of our class is thread-safe, that means that our algorithm is no longer thread-safe and running with multiple threads can cause different results. Even worse than that, it’s very possible that there are not any errors or crashes but the results are simply wrong from having several threads changing a member at the same time, for example.

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[1]

It’s possible to find algorithms written based on GaudiAlg which is going to be removed from future versions of Gaudi. GaudiAlg was substituted by Gaudi::Algorithm, although the recommended way is to use Gaudi::Functional.